CyberKeeda In Social Media
Showing posts with label AWK. Show all posts
Showing posts with label AWK. Show all posts

Unix/Linux Shell Scripting : How to search using AWK




AWK


Every unix/linux guy knows awk as a powerful tool, while writing a shell script, so today we will know 
  • How AWK can be used to search string from a file and return desired value as output.
  • How AWK can be used to search for a specific pattern
  • How can we use AWK to print based upon line number. 

We will start with our file, here is our file named demo.txt and it's content

cat demo.txt

FName|LName|Age|City|Country
Jill|Smith|50|NewYork|USA
Emi|Jackson|94|London|Britain
Raj|Dhinga|35|Delhi|India
Yan|Yun|21|Bejing|China
Yusuf|Khan|44|Mulheim|Germany
Will|Smith|40|NewYork|USA
Shail|Raj|21|Delhi|India
Vikram|Rajnand|34|Pune|India
HansRaj|Kedia|18|Mumbai|India
Devraj|Shukla|55|Dhanbad|India

AWK Basic Syntax :

  # awk options 'selection criteria { actions }' inputFile



How to use AWK with delimiter.

So we will start by printing the first field that is Fname and we will know, how we will separate fields when we have common delimiter.
Our file demo.txt has | as delimiter, so use the below one liner to separate fields.

  # awk -F '|' '{print $1}' demo.txt


-F followed by delimiter is used to process our requirement.

output
FName
Jill
Emi
Raj
Yan
Yusuf
Will
Shail
Vikram
HansRaj
Devraj
How to Use AWK to search and match for a string and print the entire field.

In our example file ( demo.txt), we will try to find a string "Raj" that can be part of the entire file, in case it founds the string it will print the entire line that contain the field with value "Raj"

  # awk -F "|" '/Raj/' demo.txt

-F followed by delimiter(|) and search string ( Raj ) placed within inverted comma and two backward slashes is used to process our requirement.

output
Raj|Dhinga|35|Delhi|India
Shail|Raj|21|Delhi|India
Vikram|Rajnand|34|Pune|India
HansRaj|Kedia|18|Mumbai|India
Output Analysis:

Field doesn't matter :
it's matching the word "Raj" irrespective of field,  thus printing the value of the entire line wherever it matches the search criteria.

Sub-Strings are also True matches: It doesn't matters if search string is a part of any sub-string.
Our input file has the below line that proves the statement.
Vikram|Rajnand|34|Pune|India
HansRaj|Kedia|18|Mumbai|India
Strict Matching : It strictly differentiate between upper case and lower case, our demo.txt file contains "raj" also as a part of substring but it ignores it as we have passed "Raj"
Devraj|Shukla|55|Dhanbad|India

How to Use AWK to search and match for a string and print only selected fields as an output.

So from our input file, we will match the same string "Raj" and try to print it's selected fields that is Fname($1), Age($3) and City($4)

  # awk -F "|" '/Raj/ {print $1, $3, $4}' demo.txt

-F followed by search string and  print statement with comma for space to create space between fields.

 
output
Raj 35 Delhi
Shail 21 Delhi
Vikram 34 Pune
HansRaj 18 Mumbai
How to Use AWK to search and match for a string and print only selected fields as an output with Line numbers.

So for all above search string matched lines, along with the output in order to print matched line numbers we can use NR combined with print statement, here is the one liner.

  # awk -F "|" '/Raj/ {print NR, $1, $3, $4}' demo.txt

-F followed by search string and  print statement starting with NR



output
4 Raj 35 Delhi
8 Shail 21 Delhi
9 Vikram 34 Pune
10 HansRaj 18 Mumbai

AWK Search pattern to ignore difference between upper and lower case.

From our input file, we want to add lines that contain "Raj" and "raj" both


  # awk -F "|" '/[Rr]aj/' demo.txt

-F followed by pattern [Rr] to add both the values.

output
Raj|Dhinga|35|Delhi|India
Shail|Raj|21|Delhi|India
Vikram|Rajnand|34|Pune|India
HansRaj|Kedia|18|Mumbai|India
Devraj|Shukla|55|Dhanbad|India

AWK to print by line number only.


From our input file,if we just want to print only 3rd line only, below is the one liner and it's output.

 # awk -F "|" 'NR==3'  demo.txt

-F followed by delimiter and "NR==3" where 3 is the line number,

output
Emi|Jackson|94|London|Britain
AWK to print between two line number.


From our input file,if we just want to print between line number 2 and 5, below is the one liner and it's output.

 # awk -F "|" ' NR==2, NR==5 {print NR,  $1, $3, $4}' demo.txt

-F followed by delimiter and "NR==2" a comma(,) and "NR==5"

output
2 Jill 50 NewYork
3 Emi 94 London
4 Raj 35 Delhi
5 Yan 21 Bejing


AWK to print between two line number and it's output value to a file.


From our input file,if we just want to print between line number 2 and 5, below is the one liner and it's output.

 # awk -F "|" ' NR==2, NR==5 {print NR,  $1, $3, $4}' demo.txt >> /tmp/newfile.txt




Read more ...

AWK equivalent in Windows CMD




Missing AWK on Windows ?  for /f  may help you.
Lets see how can we implement the same.


Example.

C:\Users\Cyberkeeda>netsh interface show interface

Admin State    State          Type             Interface Name
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Enabled        Connected      Dedicated        Wi-Fi
Enabled        Connected      Dedicated        VMware Network Adapter VMnet1
Enabled        Connected      Dedicated        VMware Network Adapter VMnet8
Enabled        Disconnected   Dedicated        Ethernet

Lets assume we have saved the same within a file in linux names as file.txt

Within Linux, to gather the State of interfaces, we use the below command.

cat file.txt| awk '{print $2}'

State
Connected
Connected
Connected
Disconnected

In Windows, it can be accomplished with FOR /F

C:\Users\cyberkeeda>for /f "tokens=2" %a in ('netsh interface show interface') do @echo %a

State
Connected
Connected
Connected
Disconnected

Now, if wish to add two values .

cat file.txt| awk '{print $1 " " $2}'

Admin State
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Enabled Connected
Enabled Connected
Enabled Connected
Enabled Disconnected

Same can be accomplished within Windows as

C:\Users\cyberkeeda>for /f "tokens=1,2" %a in ('netsh interface show interface') do @echo %a %b
Admin State
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Enabled Connected
Enabled Connected
Enabled Connected
Enabled Disconnected

In case, if you want to additional string along with the variable.

C:\Users\cyberkeeda>for /f "tokens=1,2" %a in ('netsh interface show interface') do @echo Boot Stats= %a Ethernet stat= %b


Now in case, if you want to use further filter within it, below one liner can help you.

C:\Users\cyberkeeda>netsh interface show interface | for /f "tokens=2" %a in ('findstr Wi-Fi') do @echo %a
Connected




Read more ...

BASH Shell Scripting Cheat Sheet : Part 1




Commonly used UNIX Commands!!

Cheat sheet to use within your shell scripts


1.How to display the 10th line of a file?
head -10 filename | tail -1
2. How to remove the header from a file?
sed -i '1 d' filename
3. How to remove the footer from a file?
sed -i '$ d' filename
4. Write a command to find the length of a line in a file?
The below command can be used to get a line from a file.
sed –n '<n> p' filename
We will see how to find the length of 10th line in a file
sed -n '10 p' filename|wc -c
5. How to get the nth word of a line in Unix?
cut –f<n> -d' '
6. How to reverse a string in unix?
echo "java" | rev
7. How to get the last word from a line in Unix file?
echo "unix is good" | rev | cut -f1 -d' ' | rev
8. How to replace the n-th line in a file with a new line in Unix?
sed -i'' '10 d' filename       # d stands for delete
sed -i'' '10 i new inserted line' filename     # i stands for insert
9. How to check if the last command was successful in Unix?
echo $?
Any integer apart from 0 indicates failure or the last command was unsuccessful
10. Write command to list all the links from a directory?
ls -lrt | grep "^l"
11. How will you find which operating system your system is running on in UNIX?
uname -a
12. Create a read-only file in your home directory?
touch file; chmod 400 file
13. How do you see command line history in UNIX?
The 'history' command can be used to get the list of commands that we are executed.
14. How to display the first 20 lines of a file?
By default, the head command displays the first 10 lines from a file. If we change the option of head, then we can display as many lines as we want.
head -20 filename
An alternative solution is using the sed command
sed '21,$ d' filename
The d option here deletes the lines from 21 to the end of the file
15. Write a command to print the last line of a file?
The tail command can be used to display the last lines from a file.
tail -1 filename
Alternative solutions are:
sed -n '$ p' filename
awk 'END{print $0}' filename
16. How do you rename the files in a directory with _new as suffix?
ls -lrt|grep '^-'| awk '{print "mv "$9" "$9".new"}' | sh
17. Write a command to convert a string from lower case to upper case?
echo "apple" | tr [a-z] [A-Z]
18. Write a command to convert a string to Initcap.
echo apple | awk '{print toupper(substr($1,1,1)) tolower(substr($1,2))}'
19. Write a command to redirect the output of date command to multiple files?
The tee command writes the output to multiple files and also displays the output on the terminal.
date | tee -a file1 file2 file3
20. How do you list the hidden files in current directory?
ls -a | grep '^\.'
21. List out some of the Hot Keys available in bash shell?
Ctrl+l - Clears the Screen.
Ctrl+r - Does a search in previously given commands in shell.
Ctrl+u - Clears the typing before the hotkey.
Ctrl+a - Places cursor at the beginning of the command at shell.
Ctrl+e - Places cursor at the end of the command at shell.
Ctrl+d - Kills the shell.
Ctrl+z - Places the currently running process into background.

22. How do you make an existing file empty?
cat /dev/null >  filename
23. How do you remove the first number on 10th line in file?
sed '10 s/[0-9][0-9]*//' < filename
24. What is the difference between join -v and join -a?
join -v : outputs only matched lines between two files.
join -a : In addition to the matched lines, this will output unmatched lines also.
25. How do you display from the 5th character to the end of the line from a file?
cut -c 5- filename
26. Display all the files in current directory sorted by size?
ls -l | grep '^-' | awk '{print $5,$9}' |sort -n|awk '{print $2}'
27. Write a command to search for the file 'map' in the current directory?
find -name map -type f
28. How to display the first 10 characters from each line of a file?
cut -c -10 filename
29. Write a command to remove the first number on all lines that start with "@"?
sed '\,^@, s/[0-9][0-9]*//' < filename
30. How to print the file names in a directory that has the word "term"?
grep -l term *
The '-l' option make the grep command to print only the filename without printing the content of the file. As soon as the grep command finds the pattern in a file, it prints the pattern and stops searching other lines in the file.
31. How to run awk command specified in a file?
awk -f filename
32. How do you display the calendar for the month march in the year 1985?
The cal command can be used to display the current month calendar. You can pass the month and year as arguments to display the required year, month combination calendar.
cal 03 1985
This will display the calendar for the March month and year 1985.
33. Write a command to find the total number of lines in a file?
wc -l filename
Other ways to pring the total number of lines are
awk 'BEGIN {sum=0} {sum=sum+1} END {print sum}' filename
awk 'END{print NR}' filename
34. How to duplicate empty lines in a file?
sed '/^$/ p' < filename
35. Explain iostat, vmstat and netstat?
Iostat: reports on terminal, disk and tape I/O activity.
Vmstat: reports on virtual memory statistics for processes, disk, tape and CPU activity.
Netstat: reports on the contents of network data structures.
36. How do you write the contents of 3 files into a single file?
cat file1 file2 file3 > file
37. How to display the fields in a text file in reverse order?
awk 'BEGIN {ORS=""} { for(i=NF;i>0;i--) print $i," "; print "\n"}' filename

38. Write a command to find the sum of bytes (size of file) of all files in a directory.
ls -l | grep '^-'| awk 'BEGIN {sum=0} {sum = sum + $5} END {print sum}'

39. Write a command to print the lines which end with the word "end"?
grep 'end$' filename
The '$' symbol specifies the grep command to search for the pattern at the end of the line.
40. Write a command to select only those lines containing "july" as a whole word?
grep -w july filename
The '-w' option makes the grep command to search for exact whole words. If the specified pattern is found in a string, then it is not considered as a whole word. For example: In the string "mikejulymak", the pattern "july" is found. However "july" is not a whole word in that string.
41. How to remove the first 10 lines from a file?
sed '1,10 d' < filename
42. Write a command to duplicate each line in a file?
sed 'p' < filename
43. How to extract the username from 'who am i' comamnd?
who am i | cut -f1 -d' '
44. Write a command to list the files in '/usr' directory that start with 'ch' and then display the number of lines in each file?
wc -l /usr/ch*
Another way is
find /usr -name 'ch*' -type f -exec wc -l {} \;
45. How to remove blank lines in a file ?
grep -v ‘^$’ filename > new_filename
46. How to display the processes that were run by your user name ?
ps -aef | grep <user_name>
47. Write a command to display all the files recursively with path under current directory?
find . -depth -print
48. Display zero byte size files in the current directory?
find -size 0 -type f
49. Write a command to display the third and fifth character from each line of a file?
cut -c 3,5 filename
50. Write a command to print the fields from 10th to the end of the line. The fields in the line are delimited by a comma?
cut -d',' -f10- filename


Read more ...

Important and Useful Linux / Unix Commands




Linux / Unix Commands

Commonly used UNIX Commands!!

1.How to display the 10th line of a file?

head -10 filename | tail -1

2. How to remove the header from a file?

sed -i '1 d' filename

3. How to remove the footer from a file?

sed -i '$ d' filename

4. Write a command to find the length of a line in a file?

The below command can be used to get a line from a file.

sed –n '<n> p' filename

We will see how to find the length of 10th line in a file

sed -n '10 p' filename|wc -c

5. How to get the nth word of a line in Unix?

cut –f<n> -d' '

6. How to reverse a string in unix?

echo "java" | rev

7. How to get the last word from a line in Unix file?

echo "unix is good" | rev | cut -f1 -d' ' | rev

8. How to replace the n-th line in a file with a new line in Unix?

sed -i'' '10 d' filename       # d stands for delete

sed -i'' '10 i new inserted line' filename     # i stands for insert

9. How to check if the last command was successful in Unix?

echo $?

10. Write command to list all the links from a directory?

ls -lrt | grep "^l"

11. How will you find which operating system your system is running on in UNIX?

uname -a

12. Create a read-only file in your home directory?

touch file; chmod 400 file

13. How do you see command line history in UNIX?

The 'history' command can be used to get the list of commands that we are executed.

14. How to display the first 20 lines of a file?

By default, the head command displays the first 10 lines from a file. If we change the option of head, then we can display as many lines as we want.

head -20 filename

An alternative solution is using the sed command

sed '21,$ d' filename

The d option here deletes the lines from 21 to the end of the file

15. Write a command to print the last line of a file?

The tail command can be used to display the last lines from a file.

tail -1 filename

Alternative solutions are:

sed -n '$ p' filename

awk 'END{print $0}' filename

16. How do you rename the files in a directory with _new as suffix?

ls -lrt|grep '^-'| awk '{print "mv "$9" "$9".new"}' | sh

17. Write a command to convert a string from lower case to upper case?

echo "apple" | tr [a-z] [A-Z]

18. Write a command to convert a string to Initcap.

echo apple | awk '{print toupper(substr($1,1,1)) tolower(substr($1,2))}'

19. Write a command to redirect the output of date command to multiple files?

The tee command writes the output to multiple files and also displays the output on the terminal.

date | tee -a file1 file2 file3

20. How do you list the hidden files in current directory?

ls -a | grep '^\.'


21. List out some of the Hot Keys available in bash shell?

Ctrl+l - Clears the Screen.

Ctrl+r - Does a search in previously given commands in shell.

Ctrl+u - Clears the typing before the hotkey.

Ctrl+a - Places cursor at the beginning of the command at shell.

Ctrl+e - Places cursor at the end of the command at shell.

Ctrl+d - Kills the shell.

Ctrl+z - Places the currently running process into background.

22. How do you make an existing file empty?

cat /dev/null >  filename

23. How do you remove the first number on 10th line in file?

sed '10 s/[0-9][0-9]*//' < filename

24. What is the difference between join -v and join -a?

join -v : outputs only matched lines between two files.

join -a : In addition to the matched lines, this will output unmatched lines also.

25. How do you display from the 5th character to the end of the line from a file?

cut -c 5- filename


26. Display all the files in current directory sorted by size?

ls -l | grep '^-' | awk '{print $5,$9}' |sort -n|awk '{print $2}'


27. Write a command to search for the file 'map' in the current directory?

find -name map -type f


28. How to display the first 10 characters from each line of a file?

cut -c -10 filename


29. Write a command to remove the first number on all lines that start with "@"?

sed '\,^@, s/[0-9][0-9]*//' < filename


30. How to print the file names in a directory that has the word "term"?

grep -l term *

The '-l' option make the grep command to print only the filename without printing the content of the file. As soon as the grep command finds the pattern in a file, it prints the pattern and stops searching other lines in the file.


31. How to run awk command specified in a file?

awk -f filename


32. How do you display the calendar for the month march in the year 1985?

The cal command can be used to display the current month calendar. You can pass the month and year as arguments to display the required year, month combination calendar.

cal 03 1985

This will display the calendar for the March month and year 1985.


33. Write a command to find the total number of lines in a file?

wc -l filename

Other ways to pring the total number of lines are

awk 'BEGIN {sum=0} {sum=sum+1} END {print sum}' filename

awk 'END{print NR}' filename


34. How to duplicate empty lines in a file?

sed '/^$/ p' < filename


35. Explain iostat, vmstat and netstat?

Iostat: reports on terminal, disk and tape I/O activity.

Vmstat: reports on virtual memory statistics for processes, disk, tape and CPU activity.

Netstat: reports on the contents of network data structures.

36. How do you write the contents of 3 files into a single file?

cat file1 file2 file3 > file

37. How to display the fields in a text file in reverse order?

awk 'BEGIN {ORS=""} { for(i=NF;i>0;i--) print $i," "; print "\n"}' filename

38. Write a command to find the sum of bytes (size of file) of all files in a directory.

ls -l | grep '^-'| awk 'BEGIN {sum=0} {sum = sum + $5} END {print sum}'

39. Write a command to print the lines which end with the word "end"?

grep 'end$' filename

The '$' symbol specifies the grep command to search for the pattern at the end of the line.

40. Write a command to select only those lines containing "july" as a whole word?

grep -w july filename

The '-w' option makes the grep command to search for exact whole words. If the specified pattern is found in a string, then it is not considered as a whole word. For example: In the string "mikejulymak", the pattern "july" is found. However "july" is not a whole word in that string.

41. How to remove the first 10 lines from a file?

sed '1,10 d' < filename

42. Write a command to duplicate each line in a file?

sed 'p' < filename

43. How to extract the username from 'who am i' comamnd?

who am i | cut -f1 -d' '

44. Write a command to list the files in '/usr' directory that start with 'ch' and then display the number of lines in each file?

wc -l /usr/ch*

Another way is

find /usr -name 'ch*' -type f -exec wc -l {} \;

45. How to remove blank lines in a file ?

grep -v ‘^$’ filename > new_filename


46. How to display the processes that were run by your user name ?

ps -aef | grep <user_name>

47. Write a command to display all the files recursively with path under current directory?

find . -depth -print

48. Display zero byte size files in the current directory?

find -size 0 -type f

49. Write a command to display the third and fifth character from each line of a file?

cut -c 3,5 filename

50. Write a command to print the fields from 10th to the end of the line. The fields in the line are delimited by a comma?

cut -d',' -f10- filename

51. How to replace the word "Gun" with "Pen" in the first 100 lines of a file?

sed '1,00 s/Gun/Pen/' < filename

52. Write a Unix command to display the lines in a file that do not contain the word "RAM"?

grep -v RAM filename

The '-v' option tells the grep to print the lines that do not contain the specified pattern.

53. How to print the squares of numbers from 1 to 10 using awk command

awk 'BEGIN { for(i=1;i<=10;i++) {print "square of",i,"is",i*i;}}'

54. Write a command to display the files in the directory by file size?

ls -l | grep '^-' |sort -nr -k 5

55. How to find out the usage of the CPU by the processes?

The top utility can be used to display the CPU usage by the processes.

56. Write a command to remove the prefix of the string ending with '/'.

The basename utility deletes any prefix ending in /. The usage is mentioned below:

basename /usr/local/bin/file

This will display only file

57. How to display zero byte size files?

ls -l | grep '^-' | awk '/^-/ {if ($5 !=0 ) print $9 }'

58. How to replace the second occurrence of the word "bat" with "ball" in a file?

sed 's/bat/ball/2' < filename

59. How to remove all the occurrences of the word "jhon" except the first one in a line with in the entire file?

sed 's/jhon//2g' < filename

60. How to replace the word "lite" with "light" from 100th line to last line in a file?

sed '100,$ s/lite/light/' < filename

61. How to list the files that are accessed 5 days ago in the current directory?

find -atime 5 -type f

62. How to list the files that were modified 5 days ago in the current directory?

find -mtime 5 -type f

63. How to list the files whose status is changed 5 days ago in the current directory?

find -ctime 5 -type f

64. How to replace the character '/' with ',' in a file?

sed 's/\//,/' < filename

sed 's|/|,|' < filename

65. Write a command to find the number of files in a directory.

ls -l|grep '^-'|wc -l

66. Write a command to display your name 100 times.

The Yes utility can be used to repeatedly output a line with the specified string or 'y'.

yes <your_name> | head -100

67. Write a command to display the first 10 characters from each line of a file?

cut -c -10 filename

68. The fields in each line are delimited by comma. Write a command to display third field from each line of a file?

cut -d',' -f2 filename

69. Write a command to print the fields from 10 to 20 from each line of a file?

cut -d',' -f10-20 filename

70. Write a command to print the first 5 fields from each line?

cut -d',' -f-5 filename

71. By default the cut command displays the entire line if there is no delimiter in it. Which cut option is used to supress these kind of lines?

The -s option is used to supress the lines that do not contain the delimiter.

72. Write a command to replace the word "bad" with "good" in file?

sed s/bad/good/ < filename

73. Write a command to replace the word "bad" with "good" globally in a file?

sed s/bad/good/g < filename

74. Write a command to replace the word "apple" with "(apple)" in a file?

sed s/apple/(&)/ < filename

75. Write a command to switch the two consecutive words "apple" and "mango" in a file?

sed 's/\(apple\) \(mango\)/\2 \1/' < filename

76. Write a command to display the characters from 10 to 20 from each line of a file?

cut -c 10-20 filename


77. Write a command to print the lines that has the the pattern "july" in all the files in a particular directory?

grep july *

This will print all the lines in all files that contain the word “july” along with the file name. If any of the files contain words like "JULY" or "July", the above command would not print those lines.

78. Write a command to print the lines that has the word "july" in all the files in a directory and also suppress the filename in the output.

grep -h july *

79. Write a command to print the lines that has the word "july" while ignoring the case.

grep -i july *

The option i make the grep command to treat the pattern as case insensitive.

80. When you use a single file as input to the grep command to search for a pattern, it won't print the filename in the output. Now write a grep command to print the filename in the output without using the '-H' option.

grep pattern filename /dev/null

The /dev/null or null device is special file that discards the data written to it. So, the /dev/null is always an empty file.

Another way to print the filename is using the '-H' option. The grep command for this is

grep -H pattern filename

81. Write a command to print the file names in a directory that does not contain the word "july"?

grep -L july *

The '-L' option makes the grep command to print the filenames that do not contain the specified pattern.

82. Write a command to print the line numbers along with the line that has the word "july"?

grep -n july filename

The '-n' option is used to print the line numbers in a file. The line numbers start from 1

83. Write a command to print the lines that starts with the word "start"?

grep '^start' filename

The '^' symbol specifies the grep command to search for the pattern at the start of the line.

84. In the text file, some lines are delimited by colon and some are delimited by space. Write a command to print the third field of each line.

awk '{ if( $0 ~ /:/ ) { FS=":"; } else { FS =" "; } print $3 }' filename

85. Write a command to print the line number before each line?

awk '{print NR, $0}' filename

86. Write a command to print the second and third line of a file without using NR.

awk 'BEGIN {RS="";FS="\n"} {print $2,$3}' filename

87. How to create an alias for the complex command and remove the alias?

The alias utility is used to create the alias for a command. The below command creates alias for ps -aef command.

alias pg='ps -aef'

If you use pg, it will work the same way as ps -aef.

To remove the alias simply use the unalias command as

unalias pg

88. Write a command to display todays date in the format of 'yyyy-mm-dd'?

The date command can be used to display todays date with time

date '+%Y-%m-%d'


89.For LOOP

1. Rename all ".old" files in the current directory to ".bak":

for i in *.old   do  j=`echo $i|sed 's/old/bak/'`  mv $i $j  done


2. Change all instances of "yes" to "no" in all ".txt" files in the current directory. Back up the original files to ".bak".

for i in *.txt do  j=`echo $i|sed 's/txt/bak/'`  mv $i $j   sed 's/yes/no/' $j > $i  done

3. Loop thru a text file containing possible file names. If the file is readable, print the first line, otherwise print an error message:

for i in `cat file_list.txt` do  if test -r $i

  then      

   echo "Here is the first line of file: $i"    

   sed 1q $i

else

echo "file $i cannot be open for reading."      fi  done


How to print/display the first line of a file?

$> head -1 file.txt

$> sed '2,$ d' file.txt

How to print/display the last line of a file?

$> tail -1 file.txt

$> sed -n '$ p' test

How to display n-th line of a file?

$> sed –n '<n> p' file.txt

$> sed –n '4 p' test

$> head -<n> file.txt | tail -1

$> head -4 file.txt | tail -1

How to remove the first line / header from a file?

$> sed '1 d' file.txt

$> sed '1 d' file.txt > new_file.txt

$> mv new_file.txt file.txt

$> sed –i '1 d' file.txt

How to remove the last line/ trailer from a file in Unix script?

$> sed –i '$ d' file.txt

How to remove certain lines from a file in Unix?

$> sed –i '5,7 d' file.txt

How to remove the last n-th line from a file?

$> sed –i '96,100 d' file.txt   # alternative to command [head -95 file.txt]

$> tt=`wc -l file.txt | cut -f1 -d' '`;sed –i "`expr $tt - 4`,$tt d" test


How to check the length of any line in a file?

$> sed –n '<n> p' file.txt

$> sed –n '35 p' file.txt | wc –c

How to check if a file is present in a particular directory in Unix?

$> ls –l file.txt; echo $?

How to check all the running processes in Unix?

$> ps –ef

$> ps aux

$>ps -e -o stime,user,pid,args,%mem,%cpu


Combine multiple Rows to a Column – Oracle

SELECT SUBSTR (SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH (NAME , ','), 2) FRUITS_LIST

FROM (SELECT NAME , ROW_NUMBER () OVER (ORDER BY NAME ) RN,

COUNT (*) OVER () CNT

FROM FRUITS)

WHERE RN = CNT

START WITH RN = 1

CONNECT BY RN = PRIOR RN + 1;

What is command to check space in Unix

df -k


What is command to kill last background Job

kill $!

What is difference between diff and cmp command

cmp -It compares two files byte by byte and displays first mismatch.

diff -It displays all changes required to make files identical.


What does $# stands for


It will return the number of parameters passed as command line argument.
Read more ...

Want to delete few lines above and below certain string ( sed / awk )

My requirement is to delete certain lines from my nagios file, might be you have some different requirement but the agenda remains the same.



Lets take an example.

Below mentioned is a part of my hostname.cfg file.

My requiremnet is to make a shell script to delete lines begining from "define host {" upto "}"
and the variable input ( read ) to fetch from user is just the host_name which can differ.

here i want to delete all entries relevant to host_name --> hostname02x
so i need to delete entries relevant to it beginning from "define host {" upto "}" , so that the file which earlier look

#cat hostname.cfg

define host{
                use                     linux-server            ; Name of host template to use
                host_name               hostname01x
                hostgroups              COT-Servers
                contact_groups          admins
                alias                   FEA Preprod
             }

define host{
                use                     linux-server            ; Name of host template to use
                host_name               hostname02x
                hostgroups              COT-Servers
                contact_groups          admins
                alias                   Grid Engine
              }

looks like...

#cat hostname.cfg

define host{
                use                     linux-server            ; Name of host template to use
                host_name               hostname01x
                hostgroups              COT-Servers
                contact_groups          admins
                alias                   FEA Preprod
             }


Sed Method 


# sed -i.bak '/define host/ {:a;/}/!{N;ba};/hostname02x/d}' hostname.cfg


Explanation :

  • /define host/ : starting from /define host/
  • :a : a label for upcoming loop
  • /}/! : if } is not found...
  • N : append the line to the pattern space
  • ba : branch to label a to check if next line contains a }
  • when loop ends, } has been found
  • /hostname02x/d : deletes the pattern space if it matches /hostname02x/

Awk Method


awk -v RS="[}]\n" -v ORS="}\n" '!/hostname02x/' hostname.cfg


Read more ...
Designed By Jackuna